{
  "summary": "This chapter is observing (no good/bad criterion): observation started 2026-10-01, 7 series, latest confirmed 2026. Latest final value: Singapore sales of potable water, annual total 515.5 million m3 (2025). (Source: PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency; Singapore Department of Statistics (source MSE / PUB) via data.gov.sg (Open Data Licence v1.0) / updated 2026-10-03 05:05 JST)",
  "cite_as": "AI Lifeline, Water (Singapore edition), data confirmed 2025, https://ai-lifeline.org/sg/water/",
  "region": "sg",
  "generated": "2026-10-03 05:05",
  "status": "observing",
  "series_kind": "annual_ledger",
  "status_note": "Observing only: no good/bad criterion is defined. ANNUAL series only - this chapter is a yearly ledger, not a daily observation. \"Not yet measured\" means missing, not zero.",
  "frequency_note": "All series are annual (PUB datasets updated around April; SingStat tables around September). Refetched daily for change detection only; no daily, weekly or monthly water series with verified terms exists for Singapore (reservoir levels and the Four National Taps supply mix are not published as datasets - checked 2026-09-15).",
  "scope_note": "National totals as published. Water prices are S$ per cubic metre excluding GST, as listed by SingStat (source MSE / PUB); only the headline rows are reproduced (tariff components are not).",
  "edition_role": "main chapter of the Singapore edition (annual ledger); the monthly electricity series is a reference series (2026-10-02 owner ruling)",
  "source_adoption_note": "The total is taken from the SingStat table Water Sales, Annual; the domestic / non-domestic split and NEWater sold are taken from the two PUB datasets. The SingStat table also carries Domestic Use, Non-Domestic Use and Sales Of Newater rows, which differ from the PUB datasets by up to 0.2 million cubic metres in some years (checked 2026-10-02: Non-Domestic Use 2022-2024 by 0.1-0.2, Sales Of Newater 2024 by 0.1). This site reproduces each source as published and does not mix or add them. The latest listed-price year can differ from the latest volume year (both are shown).",
  "licence_note": "Contains information from Water Sales, Annual; Volume of Potable Water sold, Annual; Volume of NEWater sold, Annual; Water Prices, Annual accessed on 2026-10-03 from data.gov.sg which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence",
  "series": {
    "potable_water_sold_total": {
      "name": "Sales of potable water, total, annual",
      "unit": "million cubic metres",
      "update_frequency": "annual",
      "source": {
        "name": "Singapore Department of Statistics (SingStat), Water Sales, Annual (source: MSE / PUB), via data.gov.sg",
        "license": "Singapore Open Data Licence v1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence; verified 2026-09-15, re-read 2026-10-01)",
        "url": "https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_9db4902c7a47357441dac7d2806032a5/view",
        "dataset_id": "d_9db4902c7a47357441dac7d2806032a5",
        "odl_attribution": "Contains information from Singapore Department of Statistics (SingStat), Water Sales, Annual (source: MSE / PUB), via data.gov.sg accessed on 2026-10-03 from data.gov.sg which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence"
      },
      "causal_note": "National volume of potable water sold in the year, as published by SingStat (source MSE / PUB). The main series of the Singapore edition; a volume sold, not a measure of scarcity.",
      "data_status": "live",
      "annual": [
        {
          "period": "2015",
          "value": 514.7,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2016",
          "value": 517.0,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2017",
          "value": 499.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2018",
          "value": 495.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2019",
          "value": 500.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2020",
          "value": 501.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 501.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2022",
          "value": 506.7,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 509.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2024",
          "value": 517.6,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2025",
          "value": 515.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        }
      ]
    },
    "potable_water_sold_domestic": {
      "name": "Volume of potable water sold, domestic, annual",
      "unit": "million cubic metres",
      "update_frequency": "annual",
      "source": {
        "name": "PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency, Volume of Potable Water sold, Annual, via data.gov.sg",
        "license": "Singapore Open Data Licence v1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence; verified 2026-09-15, re-read 2026-10-01)",
        "url": "https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_cb1d25dd5cfde21bb9fa704af0e3a962/view",
        "dataset_id": "d_cb1d25dd5cfde21bb9fa704af0e3a962",
        "odl_attribution": "Contains information from PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency, Volume of Potable Water sold, Annual, via data.gov.sg accessed on 2026-10-03 from data.gov.sg which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence"
      },
      "causal_note": "Domestic share of potable water sold, as published by PUB.",
      "data_status": "live",
      "annual": [
        {
          "period": "2008",
          "value": 271.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2009",
          "value": 277.8,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2010",
          "value": 281.0,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2011",
          "value": 281.3,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2012",
          "value": 284.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2013",
          "value": 286.7,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2014",
          "value": 291.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2015",
          "value": 297.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2016",
          "value": 301.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2017",
          "value": 294.8,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2018",
          "value": 294.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2019",
          "value": 297.6,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2020",
          "value": 320.7,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 316.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2022",
          "value": 305.9,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 300.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2024",
          "value": 303.9,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2025",
          "value": 304.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        }
      ]
    },
    "potable_water_sold_non_domestic": {
      "name": "Volume of potable water sold, non-domestic, annual",
      "unit": "million cubic metres",
      "update_frequency": "annual",
      "source": {
        "name": "PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency, Volume of Potable Water sold, Annual, via data.gov.sg",
        "license": "Singapore Open Data Licence v1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence; verified 2026-09-15, re-read 2026-10-01)",
        "url": "https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_cb1d25dd5cfde21bb9fa704af0e3a962/view",
        "dataset_id": "d_cb1d25dd5cfde21bb9fa704af0e3a962",
        "odl_attribution": "Contains information from PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency, Volume of Potable Water sold, Annual, via data.gov.sg accessed on 2026-10-03 from data.gov.sg which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence"
      },
      "causal_note": "Non-domestic share of potable water sold, as published by PUB (all industry and commerce in one figure; no sector breakdown is published).",
      "data_status": "live",
      "annual": [
        {
          "period": "2008",
          "value": 191.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2009",
          "value": 190.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2010",
          "value": 195.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2011",
          "value": 197.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2012",
          "value": 206.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2013",
          "value": 211.9,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2014",
          "value": 215.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2015",
          "value": 217.6,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2016",
          "value": 215.6,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2017",
          "value": 204.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2018",
          "value": 201.3,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2019",
          "value": 202.6,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2020",
          "value": 180.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 184.9,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2022",
          "value": 200.7,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 209.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2024",
          "value": 213.6,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2025",
          "value": 211.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        }
      ]
    },
    "newater_sold": {
      "name": "Volume of NEWater sold, annual",
      "unit": "million cubic metres",
      "update_frequency": "annual",
      "source": {
        "name": "PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency, Volume of NEWater sold, Annual, via data.gov.sg",
        "license": "Singapore Open Data Licence v1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence; verified 2026-09-15, re-read 2026-10-01)",
        "url": "https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_2eceeb792a0fca1caa74304d47b46060/view",
        "dataset_id": "d_2eceeb792a0fca1caa74304d47b46060",
        "odl_attribution": "Contains information from PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency, Volume of NEWater sold, Annual, via data.gov.sg accessed on 2026-10-03 from data.gov.sg which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence"
      },
      "causal_note": "Volume of NEWater (reclaimed water) sold in the year, as published by PUB; no breakdown by user is published.",
      "data_status": "live",
      "annual": [
        {
          "period": "2007",
          "value": 49.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2008",
          "value": 65.99,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2009",
          "value": 71.95,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2010",
          "value": 96.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2011",
          "value": 102.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2012",
          "value": 111.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2013",
          "value": 114.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2014",
          "value": 117.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2015",
          "value": 124.8,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2016",
          "value": 126.9,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2017",
          "value": 140.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2018",
          "value": 140.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2019",
          "value": 145.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2020",
          "value": 141.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 148.9,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2022",
          "value": 148.2,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 145.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2024",
          "value": 148.4,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2025",
          "value": 153.8,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        }
      ]
    },
    "water_price_domestic_0_40": {
      "name": "Potable water price, domestic users, first 40 cubic metres (S$/m3, excl. GST)",
      "unit": "S$/m3",
      "update_frequency": "annual",
      "source": {
        "name": "Singapore Department of Statistics (SingStat), Water Prices, Annual (source: MSE / PUB), via data.gov.sg",
        "license": "Singapore Open Data Licence v1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence; verified 2026-09-15, re-read 2026-10-01)",
        "url": "https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_f979ebe9adca8ac412a60d3f59b40f98/view",
        "dataset_id": "d_f979ebe9adca8ac412a60d3f59b40f98",
        "odl_attribution": "Contains information from Singapore Department of Statistics (SingStat), Water Prices, Annual (source: MSE / PUB), via data.gov.sg accessed on 2026-10-03 from data.gov.sg which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence"
      },
      "causal_note": "Reference price for domestic users (first 40 cubic metres), as listed.",
      "data_status": "live",
      "annual": [
        {
          "period": "1996",
          "value": 0.66,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "1997",
          "value": 0.95,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "1998",
          "value": 1.24,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "1999",
          "value": 1.54,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2000",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2001",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2002",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2003",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2004",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2005",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2006",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2007",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2008",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2009",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2010",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2011",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2012",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2013",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2014",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2015",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2016",
          "value": 2.1,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2017",
          "value": 2.39,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2018",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2019",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2020",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2022",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2024",
          "value": 2.94,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2025",
          "value": 3.24,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2026",
          "value": 3.24,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": false
        }
      ]
    },
    "water_price_non_domestic": {
      "name": "Potable water price, non-domestic users (S$/m3, excl. GST)",
      "unit": "S$/m3",
      "update_frequency": "annual",
      "source": {
        "name": "Singapore Department of Statistics (SingStat), Water Prices, Annual (source: MSE / PUB), via data.gov.sg",
        "license": "Singapore Open Data Licence v1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence; verified 2026-09-15, re-read 2026-10-01)",
        "url": "https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_f979ebe9adca8ac412a60d3f59b40f98/view",
        "dataset_id": "d_f979ebe9adca8ac412a60d3f59b40f98",
        "odl_attribution": "Contains information from Singapore Department of Statistics (SingStat), Water Prices, Annual (source: MSE / PUB), via data.gov.sg accessed on 2026-10-03 from data.gov.sg which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence"
      },
      "causal_note": "Listed price per cubic metre of potable water for non-domestic users, excluding GST, as published; not the price any particular user paid.",
      "data_status": "live",
      "annual": [
        {
          "period": "1996",
          "value": 1.62,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "1997",
          "value": 1.78,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "1998",
          "value": 1.88,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "1999",
          "value": 2.03,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2000",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2001",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2002",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2003",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2004",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2005",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2006",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2007",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2008",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2009",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2010",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2011",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2012",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2013",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2014",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2015",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2016",
          "value": 2.15,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2017",
          "value": 2.39,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2018",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2019",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2020",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2022",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 2.74,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2024",
          "value": 2.94,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2025",
          "value": 3.24,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2026",
          "value": 3.24,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": false
        }
      ]
    },
    "water_price_newater": {
      "name": "NEWater price (S$/m3, excl. GST)",
      "unit": "S$/m3",
      "update_frequency": "annual",
      "source": {
        "name": "Singapore Department of Statistics (SingStat), Water Prices, Annual (source: MSE / PUB), via data.gov.sg",
        "license": "Singapore Open Data Licence v1.0 (https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence; verified 2026-09-15, re-read 2026-10-01)",
        "url": "https://data.gov.sg/datasets/d_f979ebe9adca8ac412a60d3f59b40f98/view",
        "dataset_id": "d_f979ebe9adca8ac412a60d3f59b40f98",
        "odl_attribution": "Contains information from Singapore Department of Statistics (SingStat), Water Prices, Annual (source: MSE / PUB), via data.gov.sg accessed on 2026-10-03 from data.gov.sg which is made available under the terms of the Singapore Open Data Licence version 1.0 https://data.gov.sg/open-data-licence"
      },
      "causal_note": "The listed price of NEWater per cubic metre, excluding GST.",
      "data_status": "live",
      "annual": [
        {
          "period": "2003",
          "value": 1.86,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2004",
          "value": 1.86,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2005",
          "value": 1.71,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2006",
          "value": 1.71,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2007",
          "value": 1.56,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2008",
          "value": 1.56,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2009",
          "value": 1.56,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2010",
          "value": 1.66,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2011",
          "value": 1.66,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2012",
          "value": 1.78,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2013",
          "value": 1.78,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2014",
          "value": 1.78,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2015",
          "value": 1.78,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2016",
          "value": 1.78,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2017",
          "value": 2.19,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2018",
          "value": 2.33,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2019",
          "value": 2.33,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2020",
          "value": 2.33,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2021",
          "value": 2.33,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2022",
          "value": 2.33,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2023",
          "value": 2.33,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2024",
          "value": 2.41,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2025",
          "value": 2.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": true
        },
        {
          "period": "2026",
          "value": 2.5,
          "value_status": "final",
          "fetched_at": "2026-10-03 05:05",
          "retrieved_retrospectively": false
        }
      ]
    }
  },
  "not_available": [
    {
      "status": "no_dataset",
      "reason": "No dataset on data.gov.sg or SingStat; PUB annual report has no table (checked 2026-09-15). Not estimated.",
      "name": "Reservoir levels (time series)"
    },
    {
      "status": "no_dataset",
      "reason": "Not published as a dataset (checked 2026-09-15). Not estimated.",
      "name": "Four National Taps supply mix (time series)"
    }
  ],
  "can_say": [
    "How much potable water and NEWater Singapore sold in each published year (national totals in million cubic metres; domestic and non-domestic potable water as published by PUB).",
    "The listed water prices per cubic metre excluding GST for domestic users (first 40 cubic metres), non-domestic users and NEWater, in the year they applied.",
    "Which year is the latest published and when each value was retrieved."
  ],
  "cannot_say": [
    "What happened this month or this week (all series are annual; no daily, weekly or monthly water series with verified terms exists for Singapore).",
    "Reservoir levels, the Four National Taps supply mix or the water use of any data centre (not published as datasets; not estimated).",
    "Whether water is scarce or a price is high or low (no criterion is frozen; volumes sold and listed prices are facts as published)."
  ],
  "answer_line": "This chapter is observing (no good/bad criterion): observation started 2026-10-01, 7 series, latest confirmed 2026. Latest final value: Singapore sales of potable water, annual total 515.5 million m3 (2025). (Source: PUB, Singapore's National Water Agency; Singapore Department of Statistics (source MSE / PUB) via data.gov.sg (Open Data Licence v1.0) / updated 2026-10-03 05:05 JST)",
  "answer_line_date": "2025",
  "answer_kind": "observing",
  "headline_answer": {
    "series": "potable_water_sold_total",
    "label": "Singapore sales of potable water, annual total",
    "value": 515.5,
    "unit": "million m3",
    "date": "2025",
    "threshold": null
  },
  "faq": [
    {
      "q": "How much potable water and NEWater did Singapore sell in the latest published year?",
      "a": "Potable water sold: 515.5 million cubic metres in 2025 (SingStat 'Water Sales, Annual', source MSE / PUB). PUB publishes the domestic / non-domestic split in a separate dataset: 304.4 million cubic metres domestic and 211.1 non-domestic in 2025; this site does not add them up. NEWater sold: 153.8 million cubic metres in 2025 (PUB). Annual series from data.gov.sg under the Singapore Open Data Licence v1.0; retrieval dates in https://ai-lifeline.org/sg/api/water_sg.json"
    },
    {
      "q": "What are the listed water prices?",
      "a": "Per cubic metre excluding GST, as listed by the Singapore Department of Statistics (source MSE / PUB) for 2026: domestic users (first 40 cubic metres) S$3.24, non-domestic users S$3.24, NEWater S$2.5. Headline rows only; tariff components are not reproduced. The latest listed-price year can differ from the latest volume year"
    },
    {
      "q": "What is the source and how often is it updated?",
      "a": "Four data.gov.sg datasets (Water Sales, Annual; Volume of Potable Water sold, Annual; Volume of NEWater sold, Annual; Water Prices, Annual), annual, refetched daily for change detection (observation started 2026-10-01). No daily, weekly or monthly water series with verified terms exists for Singapore. The water ledger is the main chapter of the Singapore edition. Last updated 2026-10-03 05:05 JST. Machine-readable: https://ai-lifeline.org/sg/api/water_sg.json"
    },
    {
      "q": "What can this data not tell you?",
      "a": "What this chapter cannot say (ledger v1.0, approved 2026-09-05; full text in the method section): What happened this month or this week (all series are annual; no daily, weekly or monthly water series with verified terms exists for Singapore); Reservoir levels, the Four National Taps supply mix or the water use of any data centre (not published as datasets; not estimated); Whether water is scarce or a price is high or low (no criterion is frozen; volumes sold and listed prices are facts as published)."
    }
  ],
  "citation": {
    "page": "https://ai-lifeline.org/sg/water/",
    "api": "https://ai-lifeline.org/sg/api/water_sg.json",
    "last_confirmed": "2026",
    "next_expected": null,
    "generated": "2026-10-03 05:05",
    "observation_start": "2026-10-01",
    "series_count": 7,
    "series_not_yet_measured": 0,
    "title_short": "SG potable water sold 515.5 million m3 (final 2025)",
    "generated_by": "scripts/citation/apply_citation_layer.py",
    "ledger_version": "v1.1-2026-09-06",
    "keys_written": [
      "summary",
      "cite_as",
      "answer_line",
      "answer_line_date",
      "answer_kind",
      "headline_answer",
      "faq",
      "citation"
    ]
  }
}